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To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
1. An inhabitant of a city or (often) of a town; esp. one possessing civic rights and privileges, a burgess or freeman of a city.
b. Used also as feminine. (Cf. CITIZENESS.)
c. A townsman, as opposed to a countryman.
d. A civilian as distinguished from a soldier; in earlier times also distinguished from a member of the landed nobility or gentry. Johnson says ‘a man of trade, not a gentleman’.
e. With reference to the ‘heavenly city’, the New Jerusalem.
2. A member of a state, an enfranchised inhabitant of a country, as opposed to an alien; in U.S., a person, native or naturalized, who has the privilege of voting for public offices, and is entitled to full protection in the exercise of private rights.
b. as a title, representing Fr. citoyen, which at the Revolution took the place of Monsieur.
c. phr. citizen of the world: one who is at home, and claims his rights, everywhere; a cosmopolitan; also, citizen of nature. (Cf. Cicero De Leg. I. xxiii. 61 civem totius mundi.)
3. transf. Inhabitant, occupant, denizen. (Of men, beasts, things personified.)
4. adj. = CITIZENISH, city-bred. nonce-use.
5. attrib. and Comb., chiefly appositive, as citizen-king, -magistrate, -prince, -soldier, -sovereign; also, citizen-life; citizen-like adj. Citizens' Advice Bureau, any of a network of local offices where members of the public may obtain free and impartial advice, esp. when experiencing difficulties with authorities or other individuals; citizen's arrest Law (orig. U.S.), an arrest carried out without a warrant by a private citizen (allowable in certain cases); Citizens(') Band orig. U.S., a short-wave band made available for private radio communication; abbrev. C.B.
Hence citizen v., to address as ‘citizen’.
Monday, February 15, 2010
Progress
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To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary, NOUN:
I. The course or process of a series of actions, events, etc., through time; advancement through such a course.
1. Progression or advancement through a process, a sequence of events, a period of time, etc.; movement towards an outcome or conclusion. in progress: in the process of happening or being carried out.
2. spec. Advancement to a further or higher stage, or to further or higher stages successively; growth; development, usually to a better state or condition; improvement; an instance of this. Freq. to make progress.
In later use applied esp. to manifestations of social and economic change or reform.
{dag}3. An act of proceeding or coming from a source. Obs. rare.
4. Sc. Law. An unbroken series of possessors, tenants, etc., extending over several years, which sufficiently constitutes a valid and effectual title to property or land. Often in progress of (title) deeds (also progress of titles): a series of title deeds extending in such a way. Now hist.
heir (and successor, etc.) by progress: an heir who inherits under a progress of title.
II. The action or an act of journeying or moving onward in space.
5. a. An official journey, tour, or visit made by a monarch, church dignitary, or person of noble birth or high office. Also: the official tour made by judges and others, a circuit; an official visitation of its estates by an Oxford or Cambridge college.
b. A state procession. Also in extended use. Now hist.
6. In general use.
a. The action of stepping or marching forward or onward; onward march; journeying, travelling, travel; (also) an instance of this; a journey, an expedition. Now rare.
b. Onward movement following a prescribed course, in a specific direction, or towards a particular place.
c. Motion forwards, as opposed to rest or regress; advance. Also in figurative contexts.
{dag}d. A region or distance traversed. Obs. rare.
To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary, NOUN:
I. The course or process of a series of actions, events, etc., through time; advancement through such a course.
1. Progression or advancement through a process, a sequence of events, a period of time, etc.; movement towards an outcome or conclusion. in progress: in the process of happening or being carried out.
2. spec. Advancement to a further or higher stage, or to further or higher stages successively; growth; development, usually to a better state or condition; improvement; an instance of this. Freq. to make progress.
In later use applied esp. to manifestations of social and economic change or reform.
{dag}3. An act of proceeding or coming from a source. Obs. rare.
4. Sc. Law. An unbroken series of possessors, tenants, etc., extending over several years, which sufficiently constitutes a valid and effectual title to property or land. Often in progress of (title) deeds (also progress of titles): a series of title deeds extending in such a way. Now hist.
heir (and successor, etc.) by progress: an heir who inherits under a progress of title.
II. The action or an act of journeying or moving onward in space.
5. a. An official journey, tour, or visit made by a monarch, church dignitary, or person of noble birth or high office. Also: the official tour made by judges and others, a circuit; an official visitation of its estates by an Oxford or Cambridge college.
b. A state procession. Also in extended use. Now hist.
6. In general use.
a. The action of stepping or marching forward or onward; onward march; journeying, travelling, travel; (also) an instance of this; a journey, an expedition. Now rare.
b. Onward movement following a prescribed course, in a specific direction, or towards a particular place.
c. Motion forwards, as opposed to rest or regress; advance. Also in figurative contexts.
{dag}d. A region or distance traversed. Obs. rare.
Diversity
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To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
1. a. The condition or quality of being diverse, different, or varied; difference, unlikeness.
b. with a and pl. An instance of this condition or quality; a point of unlikeness; a difference, distinction; a different kind, a variety.
{dag}c. Divers manners or sorts: a variety. Obs.
2. Law. (See quot.)
{dag}3. Contrariety to what is agreeable, good, or right; perversity, evil, mischief. Obs.
4. diversity factor Electr. (see quot. 1943).
5. Radio. Applied attrib. to a system of reception in which, in order to reduce the effects of fading, a signal is received simultaneously by several channels, the signal or combination of signals of best quality being automatically selected.
To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
1. a. The condition or quality of being diverse, different, or varied; difference, unlikeness.
b. with a and pl. An instance of this condition or quality; a point of unlikeness; a difference, distinction; a different kind, a variety.
{dag}c. Divers manners or sorts: a variety. Obs.
2. Law. (See quot.)
{dag}3. Contrariety to what is agreeable, good, or right; perversity, evil, mischief. Obs.
4. diversity factor Electr. (see quot. 1943).
5. Radio. Applied attrib. to a system of reception in which, in order to reduce the effects of fading, a signal is received simultaneously by several channels, the signal or combination of signals of best quality being automatically selected.
Natural/Organic
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To start, here is one of several entries from the Oxford English Dictionary, for NATURAL:
{dag}I. A natural condition or attribute.
1. In pl. The inborn mental or physical endowments of a person; natural gifts or powers of mind (or body). Occas. as pure naturals in same sense (cf. sense 3a). Freq. with possessive adjective. Obs.
2. Natural disposition, inclination, or character. Obs.
3. a. in one's (pure) naturals[after post-classical Latin in puris naturalibus]: in a purely natural condition, not altered or improved in any way; completely naked. Obs.
b. Natural form or condition. Obs.
4. A normal feature or attribute. Obs. rare{em} 1.
5. In pl. Normal bodily features or characteristics, as opposed to those which are subject to illness or disease. Freq. contrasted with NON-NATURAL adj. 1. Obs.
II. A person or thing having a natural, unaltered, or unrefined quality or attribute.
6. a. A natural thing or object; something having its basis in the natural world or in the usual course of nature. In modern use: a natural product, a product that has not been processed or manufactured.
b. The genitals. Also in pl. Cf. NATURAL PARTS n. Now rare (arch.).
7. A person having a low learning ability or intellectual capacity; a person born with impaired intelligence. Cf. NATURAL FOOL n. Now Irish English, arch., or hist.
8. {dag}a. A person whose moral or spiritual sense is either unawakened or uneducated, or is deduced only through human reason. Cf. NATURAL adj. 9. Obs.
{dag}b. A mistress. Obs.
c. orig. U.S. A person naturally endowed for (a role, etc.) or at (a skill, etc.); a person having natural gifts or talents; a thing naturally having qualities necessary for success, or making it particularly suitable for (a particular purpose).
9. the natural.
{dag}a. The real thing or person; real life. Obs.
b. That which belongs to the natural world or occurs in the ordinary course of things.
10. Music.
a. A note in a natural scale. Cf. NATURAL adj. 13.
b. The sign {natural}, applied to a note to signal the cancellation of its former sharpened or flattened value, and hence a return to its value in the natural scale.
c. Each of the keys on a keyboard instrument (now usually coloured white) which produces a note in a natural scale.
{dag}11. A style of wig made from human hair. Cf. natural wig n. at NATURAL adj. and adv. Special uses 2. Obs. rare{em} 1.
12. a. In any gambling game: a combination or score that immediately wins; esp. (in craps) a score of seven. Also (in extended use): a period of seven years' incarceration.
In quot. 1762, perh. referring to a particular card.
b. Cards. A hand in pontoon (blackjack) totalling 21 in the first deal of cards.
13. colloq. (orig. Eng. regional (south.)). = NATURAL LIFE n.; now usu. in in all my natural, for the rest of my natural.
14. The off-white or beige colour of unbleached and undyed fabric.
15. Archaeol. Undisturbed soil or rock, below the levels affected by human activity.
16. U.S. A black hairstyle in which the hair is not straightened or bleached; spec. an Afro.
17. On a cut diamond: a small area of the surface of the crystal left in its original condition; = NAÏF adj. 2.
18. Math. = natural number n. at NATURAL adj. and adv. Special uses 2. Chiefly in pl.
III. A person or thing of or from a designated region; a native.
19. a. A native of a place or country. Now rare (chiefly hist.).
{dag}b. A plant, animal, or product native to a particular country, region, etc. Obs. rare.
{dag}20. A native language. Obs. rare{em} 1.
{dag}IV. A person having an interest in nature.
21. a. A naturalist. Obs.
b. A nature poet. Obs. rare.
To start, here is one of several entries from the Oxford English Dictionary, for NATURAL:
{dag}I. A natural condition or attribute.
1. In pl. The inborn mental or physical endowments of a person; natural gifts or powers of mind (or body). Occas. as pure naturals in same sense (cf. sense 3a). Freq. with possessive adjective. Obs.
2. Natural disposition, inclination, or character. Obs.
3. a. in one's (pure) naturals[after post-classical Latin in puris naturalibus]: in a purely natural condition, not altered or improved in any way; completely naked. Obs.
b. Natural form or condition. Obs.
4. A normal feature or attribute. Obs. rare{em} 1.
5. In pl. Normal bodily features or characteristics, as opposed to those which are subject to illness or disease. Freq. contrasted with NON-NATURAL adj. 1. Obs.
II. A person or thing having a natural, unaltered, or unrefined quality or attribute.
6. a. A natural thing or object; something having its basis in the natural world or in the usual course of nature. In modern use: a natural product, a product that has not been processed or manufactured.
b. The genitals. Also in pl. Cf. NATURAL PARTS n. Now rare (arch.).
7. A person having a low learning ability or intellectual capacity; a person born with impaired intelligence. Cf. NATURAL FOOL n. Now Irish English, arch., or hist.
8. {dag}a. A person whose moral or spiritual sense is either unawakened or uneducated, or is deduced only through human reason. Cf. NATURAL adj. 9. Obs.
{dag}b. A mistress. Obs.
c. orig. U.S. A person naturally endowed for (a role, etc.) or at (a skill, etc.); a person having natural gifts or talents; a thing naturally having qualities necessary for success, or making it particularly suitable for (a particular purpose).
9. the natural.
{dag}a. The real thing or person; real life. Obs.
b. That which belongs to the natural world or occurs in the ordinary course of things.
10. Music.
a. A note in a natural scale. Cf. NATURAL adj. 13.
b. The sign {natural}, applied to a note to signal the cancellation of its former sharpened or flattened value, and hence a return to its value in the natural scale.
c. Each of the keys on a keyboard instrument (now usually coloured white) which produces a note in a natural scale.
{dag}11. A style of wig made from human hair. Cf. natural wig n. at NATURAL adj. and adv. Special uses 2. Obs. rare{em} 1.
12. a. In any gambling game: a combination or score that immediately wins; esp. (in craps) a score of seven. Also (in extended use): a period of seven years' incarceration.
In quot. 1762, perh. referring to a particular card.
b. Cards. A hand in pontoon (blackjack) totalling 21 in the first deal of cards.
13. colloq. (orig. Eng. regional (south.)). = NATURAL LIFE n.; now usu. in in all my natural, for the rest of my natural.
14. The off-white or beige colour of unbleached and undyed fabric.
15. Archaeol. Undisturbed soil or rock, below the levels affected by human activity.
16. U.S. A black hairstyle in which the hair is not straightened or bleached; spec. an Afro.
17. On a cut diamond: a small area of the surface of the crystal left in its original condition; = NAÏF adj. 2.
18. Math. = natural number n. at NATURAL adj. and adv. Special uses 2. Chiefly in pl.
III. A person or thing of or from a designated region; a native.
19. a. A native of a place or country. Now rare (chiefly hist.).
{dag}b. A plant, animal, or product native to a particular country, region, etc. Obs. rare.
{dag}20. A native language. Obs. rare{em} 1.
{dag}IV. A person having an interest in nature.
21. a. A naturalist. Obs.
b. A nature poet. Obs. rare.
Orientalism
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To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
1. Oriental style or quality; the character, customs, etc., of oriental nations; an oriental trait, feature, or idiom.
{dag}2. Knowledge of the languages, cultures, etc., of the Orient. Obs. rare.
3. The representation of the Orient (esp. the Middle East) in Western academic writing, art, or literature; spec. this representation perceived as stereotyped or exoticizing and therefore embodying a colonialistic attitude.
To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
1. Oriental style or quality; the character, customs, etc., of oriental nations; an oriental trait, feature, or idiom.
{dag}2. Knowledge of the languages, cultures, etc., of the Orient. Obs. rare.
3. The representation of the Orient (esp. the Middle East) in Western academic writing, art, or literature; spec. this representation perceived as stereotyped or exoticizing and therefore embodying a colonialistic attitude.
Education
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To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
{dag}1. The process of nourishing or rearing a child or young person, an animal. Obs.
b. spec. [after Fr.] The rearing of silkworms; concr., a number of silkworms reared at one time.
2. The process of ‘bringing up’ (young persons); the manner in which a person has been ‘brought up’; with reference to social station, kind of manners and habits acquired, calling or employment prepared for, etc. Obs. exc. with notion of 3.
3. The systematic instruction, schooling or training given to the young in preparation for the work of life; by extension, similar instruction or training obtained in adult age. Also, the whole course of scholastic instruction which a person has received. Often with limiting words denoting the nature or the predominant subject of the instruction or kind of life for which it prepares, as classical, legal, medical, technical, commercial, art education.
b. The training of animals.
c. fig.
4. [From sense 3, influenced by sense 2 and sometimes by the quasi-etymological notion ‘drawing out’.] Culture or development of powers, formation of character, as contrasted with the imparting of mere knowledge or skill. Often with limiting word, as intellectual, moral, physical.
5. attrib. and Comb.
To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
{dag}1. The process of nourishing or rearing a child or young person, an animal. Obs.
b. spec. [after Fr.] The rearing of silkworms; concr., a number of silkworms reared at one time.
2. The process of ‘bringing up’ (young persons); the manner in which a person has been ‘brought up’; with reference to social station, kind of manners and habits acquired, calling or employment prepared for, etc. Obs. exc. with notion of 3.
3. The systematic instruction, schooling or training given to the young in preparation for the work of life; by extension, similar instruction or training obtained in adult age. Also, the whole course of scholastic instruction which a person has received. Often with limiting words denoting the nature or the predominant subject of the instruction or kind of life for which it prepares, as classical, legal, medical, technical, commercial, art education.
b. The training of animals.
c. fig.
4. [From sense 3, influenced by sense 2 and sometimes by the quasi-etymological notion ‘drawing out’.] Culture or development of powers, formation of character, as contrasted with the imparting of mere knowledge or skill. Often with limiting word, as intellectual, moral, physical.
5. attrib. and Comb.
Alien
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To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
A. adj.
1. gen. Belonging to another person, place, or family; strange, foreign, not of one's own.
2. a. esp. Of a foreign nation and allegiance.
b. alien priory, priory alien: a monastic establishment dependent upon and owing obedience to a mother-abbey in a foreign country.
3. a. Foreign in nature or character; belonging to something else; of foreign or other origin.
b. Science Fiction. Of or pertaining to an (intelligent) being or beings from another planet; that derives from another world. See sense 1b of the n. below.
c. Of a plant: brought from another country or district and subsequently naturalized. Cf. sense 5 of the n.
4. Of a nature or character differing from (of obs.), far removed from, inconsistent with.
This passes imperceptibly into
5. Of a nature repugnant, adverse or opposed to.
6. fig. Unkindly, unsympathetic, with the ‘cold stare’ of the stranger. rare.
7. Comb. alien-looking: of foreign or strange appearance.
B. n. [the adj. used absol.]
1. a. A person belonging to another family, race, or nation; a stranger, a foreigner.
b. Science Fiction. An (intelligent) being from another planet, esp. one far distant from the Earth; a strange (usu. threatening) alien visitor.
2. fig.
3. a. esp. One who is a subject of another country than that in which he resides. A resident foreign in origin and not naturalized, whose allegiance is thus due to a foreign state.
b. transf. A word from one language used but not naturalized in another language.
4. One separated, or excluded from (the citizenship and privileges of a nation).
5. Bot. (See quot.)
6. Comb. alien-friend, (alien-amy), alien-enemy, law-terms designating an alien owing allegiance to a country which is for the time being in alliance, or at war, as the case may be, with the country in or to which he is an alien; aliens duty, the special duty formerly paid by aliens on imports and other mercantile transactions; alien-born, etc.
To start, here's the entry from the Oxford English Dictionary:
A. adj.
1. gen. Belonging to another person, place, or family; strange, foreign, not of one's own.
2. a. esp. Of a foreign nation and allegiance.
b. alien priory, priory alien: a monastic establishment dependent upon and owing obedience to a mother-abbey in a foreign country.
3. a. Foreign in nature or character; belonging to something else; of foreign or other origin.
b. Science Fiction. Of or pertaining to an (intelligent) being or beings from another planet; that derives from another world. See sense 1b of the n. below.
c. Of a plant: brought from another country or district and subsequently naturalized. Cf. sense 5 of the n.
4. Of a nature or character differing from (of obs.), far removed from, inconsistent with.
This passes imperceptibly into
5. Of a nature repugnant, adverse or opposed to.
6. fig. Unkindly, unsympathetic, with the ‘cold stare’ of the stranger. rare.
7. Comb. alien-looking: of foreign or strange appearance.
B. n. [the adj. used absol.]
1. a. A person belonging to another family, race, or nation; a stranger, a foreigner.
b. Science Fiction. An (intelligent) being from another planet, esp. one far distant from the Earth; a strange (usu. threatening) alien visitor.
2. fig.
3. a. esp. One who is a subject of another country than that in which he resides. A resident foreign in origin and not naturalized, whose allegiance is thus due to a foreign state.
b. transf. A word from one language used but not naturalized in another language.
4. One separated, or excluded from (the citizenship and privileges of a nation).
5. Bot. (See quot.)
6. Comb. alien-friend, (alien-amy), alien-enemy, law-terms designating an alien owing allegiance to a country which is for the time being in alliance, or at war, as the case may be, with the country in or to which he is an alien; aliens duty, the special duty formerly paid by aliens on imports and other mercantile transactions; alien-born, etc.
Welcome!
Welcome to Friday's ES 101b Keywords Portal. Here you will find pages for each of our Keywords archives. Click on the link below (or in the list at right) to get to your keyword. Then, you can contribute to the archive by posting a comment.
Alien
Education
Orientalism
Natural/Organic
Diversity
Progress
Citizen
Alien
Education
Orientalism
Natural/Organic
Diversity
Progress
Citizen
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